Phitsanulok, formerly known as “Song Khwae,” meaning “Two Rivers,” has a rich history tracing back to Khmer influence, when it was situated at the confluence of the Nan and Kae Noi rivers. Over time, Phitsanulok evolved into a key center of trade, religion, and military strategy. Established as a significant city in the Sukhothai Kingdom, Phitsanulok flourished during the reign of King Li Thai, who contributed greatly to its religious and infrastructural development, most notably by commissioning the revered Phra Buddha Chinnarat at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat.

In the Ayutthaya period, Phitsanulok reached its peak under King Trailokkanat, who made it the kingdom’s capital for 25 years. The city became a vital economic and cultural link between the northern Lanna and southern Ayutthaya regions, fostering trade in forest products and ceramics. Phitsanulok’s strategic importance continued through the Thonburi era, with leaders like Chao Phraya Chakri (later King Rama I) defending it against Burmese forces. In the Rattanakosin period, Phitsanulok retained its status as a major northern city with flourishing agriculture and forestry industries, drawing royal visits and fostering cultural growth.

Phitsanulok’s historical prominence is evident in its religious and cultural landmarks, including Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat and its iconic Phra Buddha Chinnarat, a testament to its religious significance through various eras. Today, Phitsanulok’s legacy as a center of resilience and culture endures, honoring its pivotal role in Thai history.