Nakhon Si Thammarat is an ancient city of great historical and cultural significance, with numerous archaeological finds evidencing its long-standing prominence and international connections. During the 12th–14th centuries AD, the city reached its peak under the Srivijaya dynasty, becoming a major port for maritime trade and boasting a powerful military. The Srivijaya rulers also firmly established Theravada Buddhism from Sri Lanka in Nakhon Si Thammarat, transforming it into a cultural and religious center that influenced other cities, including Sukhothai, which was then a nascent capital in the northern region.

Today, Nakhon Si Thammarat is the second-largest province in southern Thailand after Surat Thani, administratively divided into 23 districts. These include Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phrom Khiri, Lan Saka, Chawang, Phipun, Chian Yai, Cha-uat, Tha Sala, Thung Song, Na Bon, Thung Yai, Pak Phanang, Ron Phibun, Sichon, Khanom, Hua Sai, Bang Khan, Tham Phannara, Chulabhorn, Phra Phrom, Nopphitam, Chang Klang, and Chaloem Phra Kiat.