Prachinburi, a province with historical roots dating back over 2,000 years, has evolved through numerous cultural and political phases. Initially settled by prehistoric communities in areas like Ban Krathum Paeo and Ban Nong O, early inhabitants left artifacts like Indo-Pacific glass beads, carnelian, and iron tools, evidencing trade connections with other Southeast Asian cultures and India. The influence of Funan and Khmer cultures became prominent as communities like Sri Mahosot emerged. These settlements engaged in trade, developed agricultural societies, and gradually absorbed Dvaravati and Indian Amaravati-style art and cultural influences.

By the Ayutthaya period, Prachinburi became a key eastern outpost and was integral to military strategies, serving as a base for campaigns against Cambodia. Its name, derived from "Prachin" (east) and "Buri" (town), reflects its strategic eastern position. In the Rattanakosin period, King Rama V further developed the area as an administrative hub, setting up a provincial government center. However, the relocation of the administrative seat to Chachoengsao diminished Prachinburi's regional significance. In the 20th century, governmental reforms established Prachinburi as a modern province, consolidating its historical identity and function as an administrative center, with significant parts later integrated into the newly established Sa Kaeo Province.